Expression of OPG, RANK, and RANKL proteins in tooth repair processes after immediate and delayed tooth.

This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of OPG, RANK, and RANKL proteins in the repair after immediate and delayed replantation of rat teeth. Fifty-six Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) had their maxillary right lateral incisor extracted and then replanted, according to the following conditions: group I (control; n = 8), teeth were not extracted; group II (n = 16), immediate replantation; group III (n = 16), delayed replantation without treatment; and group IV (n = 16), delayed replantation after root surface treatment (periodontal ligament removal and immersion in 2% acidulated-phosphate sodium fluoride) and calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing. Rats in group I were euthanized on the first day of the experiment, while the animals in the other groups were euthanized 10 and 60 days after replantation (n = 8/period). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were obtained for histological analysis. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of OPG and RANKL proteins in all groups and both postreplantation times, except for group II at 60 days. In the experimental groups, RANK expression was observed only at 10 days. In conclusion, there was strong immunostaining for the OPG-RANK-RANKL system at the earlier postreplantation time, suggesting a more effective participation of these proteins at the start of the healing process, as their expression decreased at 60 days.

Limitações clínicas nas próteses implantorretidas com conexões tipo cone morse (sem indexador) / Clinical limitations of cone morse (no index) implant-supported dental prostheses

Na atualidade, os implantes que apresentam interfaces protéticas tipo Morse têm sido preconizados como os de eleição para a reposição de dentes ausentes, em função de inúmeros benefícios discutidos na literatura. Contudo, apesar da variedade de componentes protéticos disponíveis no mercado, algumas situações clínicas dificultam a sua seleção devido às limitações estéticas e/ou mecânicas peculiares a cada um deles. Este artigo visa apresentar as dificuldades e limitações das próteses implantorretidas com conexões tipo cone Morse (sem indexador) e uma das alternativas propostas para a resolução destes casos conhecida como técnica do encaixe tubo-parafuso, parafuso transversal ou parafuso lateral. Muito embora a fase cirúrgica tenha sido mal conduzida, foi possível a confecção e adaptação satisfatória da prótese fixa implantorretida, permitindo atender às necessidades da paciente, devolvendo a função e a estética.

Currently, dental implants that present the Morse type prosthetic connections have been suggested as the first choice for the replacement of missing teeth, according to numerous benefits discussed in the literature. However, despite the variety of abutments available, some specific clinical situations difficult the selection of these prosthetic components, due to aesthetic and/or mechanical limitations of each one. This article presents the difficulties and limitations of cone Morse (no index) implant-supported dental prostheses and one of the alternatives proposed to solve these cases. This technique became known as tube screw technique, lateral fixation screw or screw-secured out- block. In spite of an unfavorable surgical phase outcome, it was possible to make a successful implant-supported prosthesis, satisfying patient’s expectations by retrieving their aesthetic and functional aspects.

Analysis in vitro of direct bonding system with cyanoacrylate ester and orthodontic wires.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength of orthodontic wires bonded onto the enamel with cyanoacrylate ester. To obtain the specimens, 120 human premolars (extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons) were included in acrylic blocks of rapid polymerization with three teeth each. Four groups were formed with ten specimens each. In the specimens, a dental splint model was made with cyanoacrylate ester and round stainless steel wire. In groups I, II and III, cyanoacrylate ester was used with round steel wires, with variation in diameter: 0.014 inches; 0.016 inches and 0.018 inches, respectively. In group IV, round steel wire 0.018 inches was used with photo polymerizing resin composite with previous acid etching. The adhesive force of the materials was measured in two points under the action of the tensiometer (ETM-USA). The number of loose wires was counted along with those that remained fixed according to the different levels of force applied because of the direction of the tensile force (vertical or horizontal) and the diameter of the wire used. The data obtained were first submitted to a descriptive analysis and then submitted to a statistical analysis (Friedman's Test and Dunn's Test of Multiple Comparison - Epi-info 3.2). Within the limitations of the experimental conditions presented, the cyanoacrylate ester or 'Super Bonder' maintained bonded to enamel and steel wires (0.016 and 0.018 inches) during the tensile strength tests under different levels of applied forces.

Knowledge of firefighters with special paramedic training of the emergency management of avulsed teeth.

Immediate replantation into the socket is the ideal procedure in cases of accidental avulsion of permanent teeth. In Brazil, firefighters with special paramedic training are in charge of providing first-aid care to victims of road accidents and might have to deal with tooth avulsions. This study assessed the knowledge of firefighters regarding the emergency management of avulsed teeth. Information was collected from a questionnaire submitted to 110 volunteer firefighters in seven cities in the São Paulo State (Brazil). The results revealed that 70.9% of the respondents did not know what tooth avulsion was; 53.6% did not know what tooth replantation was or defined it incorrectly; 60% would not act properly in tooth avulsion cases; 20.9% did not consider replantation of the avulsed tooth into the socket as a treatment option; the ideal time interval for tooth replantation was unknown to 40% of the interviewees; 90% of the participants answered that they would not be able to perform tooth replantation. Among those who considered themselves unable to perform tooth replantation, 47.3% chose saline as the best storage medium for an avulsed tooth, 21.8% chose milk, 3.6% chose the patient's mouth and 20% reported not knowing where to store the tooth; 81.8% of the firefighters reported not to have ever received any specific directions on tooth replantation and 100% of them considered this knowledge a requirement for first-aid care to accident victims. In conclusion, the knowledge of the surveyed firefighters regarding emergency management after tooth avulsion was unsatisfactory in several aspects that are important for the success of replantation procedures. Firefighters with special paramedic training should be educated on how to proceed in cases of dentoalveolar traumas and tooth avulsions in order to improve treatment prognosis and increase the survival rate of replanted teeth.

Use of a cyanoacrylate ester adhesive for splinting of replanted teeth.

This paper reports a case of tooth replantation in which the splinting was performed with stainless steel orthodontic wire and a widely marketed brand of quick-setting cyanoacrylate ester adhesive (Super Bonder). The long-term clinical and radiographic success of the case reported in this paper indicates that the splinting technique using a quick-setting cyanoacrylate ester adhesive may be a feasible option for making a rapid, simple and efficient contention of replanted teeth in situations where the routinely used materials are not readily available.

Information for the diagnosis and treatment of root resorption due to tooth replantation.

A favorable prognosis after tooth avulsion depends on some variables, such as the extra-alveolar period and storage medium. Vitality of the periodontal ligament cells is considered a critical factor for a successful outcome without root resorption. The dental surgeon is provided with clinical information and radiographic findings to establish a diagnosis and may rely on current available guidelines. Once trauma has occurred, treatment must be quick and effective, and periodic follow-up must be performed. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic characteristics for each type of root resorption due to tooth replantation are presented, with the aim to provide information for the diagnosis and treatment of healing complications.

Plano de tratamento em odontologia: análise dos planos propostos por alunos de graduação / Dentistry treatment planning: analysis of treatment planning developed by undergraduate students

Objetivo: Avaliar a habilidade dos alunos do último ano degraduação da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba - UNESPpara a elaboração de planos de tratamento para um mesmo casoclínico.Método: Para a realização do presente estudo foi selecionado umcaso clínico envolvendo várias especialidades. Após a realizaçãodo exame do paciente os achados foram anotados na ficha utilizadapela disciplina de Clínica Integrada. Acrescentaram-se, também,fotografias, radiografias periapicais e fotografias dos modelos deestudo de maneira a permitir uma ilustração adequada do casoclínico. A documentação obtida foi entregue aos alunos do últimoano do curso de Odontologia. Foi solicitado, sob a forma de avaliaçãocurricular, que elaborassem planos de tratamento e enumerassemquais os fatores considerados para a elaboração dos mesmos. Amesma avaliação foi aplicada no início e final do ano letivo, duranteos anos de 2004 e 2005, com amostra de 200 indivíduos. Os dadosforam coletados e submetidos à análise descritiva, incluindo adistribuição de freqüências calculadas pelo software Epi Infoversão 3.2.Resultados: Os fatores mais citados para a elaboração dos planosforam: condição sócio-econômica, necessidades e expectativasdos pacientes, fatores sistêmicos, higiene e oclusão. A forma deapresentação do plano por especialidade foi escolhida por 90,61 por centodos alunos e mais de 78 por cento deles elaboraram mais de um plano.Conclusão: Os alunos são capazes de elaborar vários planos detratamento para um mesmo caso clínico, demonstrando capacidadepara oferecer diferentes opções de tratamento ao paciente.

Analysis of procedures used in tooth avulsion by 100 dental surgeons.

Accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment plan may constitute very complex tasks, particularly in tooth avulsion, because several variables are involved. In addition to the technical knowledge and clinical experience directed toward the quality of treatment, patient education may favorably influence the survival of replanted teeth. The aim of this study was to analyze the procedures used in the management of tooth avulsion by 100 dental surgeons (DSs). Thus, by means of a descriptive questionnaire, information was obtained about the profile of the professionals interviewed, procedures used in cases of tooth avulsion, and patient orientation and education. One hundred properly filled questionnaires were obtained. Descriptive statistics was used for the data, and the chi-squared statistics was employed (epi-info 3.2 software). According to the results, this type of trauma is part of the routine of 15 DSs, although 71 have reported some experience with avulsed teeth. Great deficiencies were found regarding root surface treatment and occlusal adjustment. Positive findings were related to socket treatment, adjunctive therapy, and patient education and orientation (extra-alveolar period, storage medium, manipulation of the avulsed tooth, replantation by the own patient). It was possible to conclude that 47.5% of the procedures reported by 100 professionals interviewed are adequate, and patient education is favorable in 87.7% of cases, a fact that can positively interfere with the prognosis of tooth replantation.

Evaluation of autogenous bone grafts, particulate or collected during osteotomy with implant burs: histologic and histomorphometric analysis in rabbits.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate bone regeneration in bone cavities filled with particulate autogenous bone either harvest in blocks and subjected to milling procedures or collected during osteotomy with implant burs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 12 rabbits, 3 noncritical unicortical cavities 7 mm in diameter were prepared with a trephine drill on the right tibia. The cavities were filled respectively with particulate autogenous bone achieved with a manual bone crusher (particulate group), with particulate autogenous bone obtained using bone collector during osteotomy (collected group), and with blood clot (control group). Animals were sacrificed at 7, 15, and 30 days after surgery (4 animals for each time period). The sections were examined by histologic and histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: At 7 days, the samples were filled by coagulum, and bone particles were observed only in the collected (24%) and particulate groups (44.75%). At 15 days, there was connective differentiation in all groups, with presence of grafted bone particles and onset of newly formed bone in the collected (38.88%) and particulate groups (46.0%). At 30 days, there was bone fill (immature trabecular bone) of the cavities in the control (50%), collected (64.63%) and particulate groups (66%). CONCLUSION: No significant difference was demonstrated between noncritical unicortical bone defects in rabbit tibiae filled with particulate bone harvested as a block and subjected to milling and those filled with bone collected during osteotomy with implant drills when the defects were observed up to 30 days following their creation.

Influence of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain) and sodium fluoride on the healing process in delayed tooth replantation: histologic and histometric analysis in rats.

Although it has already been shown that enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain) promotes periodontal regeneration in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects, there is little information concerning its regenerative capacity in cases of delayed tooth replantation. To evaluate the alterations in the periodontal healing of replanted teeth after use of Emdogain, the central incisors of 24 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were extracted and left on the bench for 6 h. Thereafter, the dental papilla and the enamel organ of each tooth were sectioned for pulp removal by a retrograde way and the canal was irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The teeth were assigned to two groups: in group I, root surface was treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min (changing the solution every 5 min), rinsed with saline for 10 min and immersed in 2% acidulated-phosphate sodium fluoride for 10 min; in group II, root surfaces were treated in the same way as described above, except for the application of Emdogain instead of sodium fluoride. The teeth were filled with calcium hydroxide (in group II right before Emdogain was applied) and replanted. All animals received antibiotic therapy. The rats were killed by anesthetic overdose 10 and 60 days after replantation. The pieces containing the replanted teeth were removed, fixated, decalcified and paraffin-embedded. Semi-serial 6-microm-thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic and histometric analyses. The use of 2% acidulated-phosphate sodium fluoride provided more areas of replacement resorption. The use of Emdogain resulted in more areas of ankylosis and was therefore not able to avoid dentoalveolar ankylosis. It may be concluded that neither 2% acidulated-phosphate sodium fluoride nor Emdogain were able to prevent root resorption in delayed tooth replantation in rats.

Análisis de la acción del ácido cítrico en la remoción del ligamento periodontal necrosado de dientes de ratón / Análise da ação do ácido cítrico na remoção do ligamento periodontal necrosado de dentes de rato / Analysis of the action of citric acid in the removal of mouse necrotized periodontal ligament

El mantenimiento del ligamento periodontal sin vitalidad en la superficie radicular puede influenciar en el proceso de reparación en el reimplante dental, por lo tanto puede ser sustituido por tejido óseo o comenzar un proceso de reabsorción inflamatória. Por lo tanto, muchas formas de retiro de este ligamento se han estudiado. Es propuesta de ese trabajo evaluar, por medio de cortes histológicos, los resultados del tratamiento de la superficie de los dientes sometidos a exodoncias y mantenerlo en medio ambiente por 6 horas. Para la realización del experimiento, se utilizaron 15 ratones, divididos en tres grupos, con 5 dientes cada uno: Grupo I, suero fisiológico por tres minutos; Grupo II, ácido cítrico (pH 1.0) por tres minutos; Grupo III, fricción de la superficie radicular con gaza esteril humedecida con ácido cítrico (pH1.0) por um minuto. Después del procesamiento laboratorial de rutina los cortes fueron sometidos a análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo (Software ImageLab - Diracom 3). En todos los grupos fueron observados restos del ligamento periodontal en toda la extensión palatina de la superfície radicular. El grupo III tuvo la mayor área de tejido con diferencia estadisticamente significante (p> 0.001). Fue posible concluir que el ácido cítrico no fue capaz de remover el ligamento periodontal necrosado de dientes de ratón después de seis horas de resequedad, en ninguna de las formas de aplicación utilizada.

The maintenance of the periodontal ligament without vitality on the root surface can influence in the process of repair in the dental replantation, therefore it can be substituted by bone tissue or to give beginning to a process of inflammatory resorption. Therefore, many forms of removal of this ligament have been studied. It is intention of this work to evaluate, by means of histological study, the results of the treatment of the tooth surface in dental extraction and left in environment for 6 hours. For the accomplishment of the experiment 15 mouse, divided in three groups will be used, with 5 teeth in each: Group I, salt solution per three minutes; Group II, acid citric (pH 1,0) per three minutes e; Group III, friction of the root surface with acid humidified barren gauze with citric (pH 1,0) per one minute. After the laboratorial processing of routine the cuts had been submitted to the qualitative and quantitative analysis (Software ImageLab - Diracom 3). In all the groups had been observed remaining of the periodontal ligament in all palatal extension of the root s surface. Group III showed to greater tissue area with statistic significant difference (p > 0.001). It was possible to conclude that acid the citric one was not capable to after remove the rat periodontal tooth ligament necrosis six hours of drying, in none of the forms of used application.

A manutenção do ligamento periodontal sem vitalidade sobre a superfície radicular pode influenciar no processo de reparo no reimplante dentário, pois pode ser substituído por tecido ósseo ou dar início a um processo de reabsorção inflamatória. Por isso, muitas formas de remoção desse ligamento têm sido estudadas. É propósito de este trabalho avaliar, por meio de cortes histológicos, os resultados do tratamento da superfície de dentes avulsionados cirurgicamente e deixados em meio ambiente por 6 horas com soro fisiológico e ácido cítrico (pH 1.0). Para a realização do experimento serão empregados 15 ratos, divididos em três grupos, com 5 dentes em cada: Grupo I, soro fisiológico por três minutos; Grupo II, ácido cítrico (pH 1.0) por três minutos e; Grupo III, fricção da superfície radicular com gaze estéril umedecida com ácido cítrico (pH 1.0) por um minuto. Após o processamento laboratorial de rotina os cortes foram submetidos à análise qualitativa e quantitativa (Software ImageLab - Diracom 3). Em todos os grupos foram observados remanescentes do ligamento periodontal em toda extensão palatina da superfície radicular. O grupo III mostrou maior área de tecido com diferença estatisticamente significante (p> 0.001). Foi possível concluir que o ácido cítrico não foi capaz de remover o ligamento periodontal necrosado de dentes de rato após seis horas de ressecamento, em nenhuma das formas de aplicação utilizada.

Diversidade dos planos de tratamento propostos por vários cirurgiões-dentistas para um mesmo caso clínico / Diversty of treatment plan developed by several dental surgeons for the same clinical case

Objetivo: Avaliar a elaboração, por vários cirurgiões-dentistas, de diversos planos de tratamento para um mesmo caso clínico.Método: Foi selecionado um caso clínico envolvendo várias especialidades. A documentação obtida, após exame clínico e complementar, foi entregue para 55 dentistas. Um questionário com perguntas referentes ao perfil profissional, quanto aos fatores considerados na elaboração deste plano e com um espaço em branco para a confecção de um ou mais planos para o caso clínico apresentado acompanhou a documentação. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise descritiva, utilizando-se o Programa Epi info versão 3.2 para o cálculo das frequências das variáveis envolvidas.Resultados: De acordo com os resultados, 78,2 porcento dos profissionais destacaram o fator sócio-econômico na elaboração do plano, enquanto somente 20 porcento priorizaram a dor. Nenhum plano de tratamento foi exatamente igual ao outro, e a partir de uma análise por área odontológica verificou-se maior frequência na indicação de procedimentos restauradores (36,7 porcento), muito embora uma análise mais precisa possa ser feita com procedimentos individualizados para cada dente. Conclusão: Muitos planos de tratamento guardaram semelhanças entre si, apesar de aslgumas deficiências serem observadas quanto à organização dos mesmos

Analysis of the crown fractures and crown-root fractures due to dental trauma assisted by the Integrated Clinic from 1992 to 2002.

The purpose of this study was to analyze crown fractures and crown-root fractures due to dentoalveolar trauma, treated in the Integrated Clinic comprehensive dental care at Aracatuba School of Dentistry (UNESP), from January 1992 to July 2002. The data were obtained from files of trauma cases. On the analysis period, 293 patients had crown fractures or crown-root fractures, in 605 teeth. Sixty-nine percent were males and 31% were females. Adolescents between 11 and 18 years old were the most prevalent group (41.6%) and the maxillary arch was the most commonly traumatized (83%). The most commonly affected tooth was the maxillary central incisor (58.3%). The most frequent causes were falls from bicycles (30.8%). It was concluded that the reality of the local service is similar to the published data.

Repair characteristics of horizontal root fracture: a case report.

Radicular fractures in permanent teeth are uncommon injuries among dental traumas, comprising 0.5-7% of the cases. Fracture occurs most often in the middle-third of the root and rarely at the apical-third. The present paper reports a clinical case of a horizontal radicular fracture located between the middle- and apical-third of a upper left-central incisor followed-up for over 3 years. The tooth was extracted owing to periodontal reasons. Histomorphologically, it showed pulp-vitality preservation and root healing by hard-tissue deposition.

Análise da água sanitária como solvente do ligamento periodontal necrosado de dentes de rato / Evaluation of house bleaching agent as necrotic periodontal ligament solvent in rat teeth

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar, histologicamente, os resultados da ação, por 15 minutos, da água sanitária, água sanitária diluída e hipoclorito de sódio a 1 por cento (Solução de Milton), sobre a superfície de dentes avulsionados crurgicamente e mantidos em meio seco por 6 horas. Para a realização do experimento, foram empregados 15 dentes de rato, divididos em três grupos, com 5 dentes em cada um: Grupo I, água sanitária; Grupo II, água sanitária diluída em água (5:2); Grupo III, hipoclorito de sódio a 1 por cento. As peças cirúrgicas foram processadas para inclusão em parafina e coradas com tricrômico de Masson. Os corantes foram submetidos à análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Para a análise quantitativa foi usado o Software analisador de imagens ImageLab 2000 - Diracom 3. Os resultados demostraram que a água sanitária foi a solução com maior capacidade de dissolução do ligamento periodontal necrosado com diferenças estatisticamente significantes, seguida da solução de Milton e da água sanitária diluída. Em vista disso, a água sanitária parece estar indicada para a remoção do ligamento pariodontal necrosado de dentes de rato

Remoçäo cirúrgica de mesiodens para erupçäo tardia dos incisivos centrais superiores: relato de caso clínico / Surgical removal of mesiodens for late eruption of the superior central incisors: a clinical case report

Os autores relatam o caso clínico de um paciente do gênero masculino, 11 anos de idade, leucoderma, com impacçäo dos dentes 11 e 21 pela presença de dois Mesiodens na regiäo de pré-maxila. Foi realizada a cirurgia para remoçäo dos dentes supranumerários e acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico mensal, para avaliaçäo da erupçäo dos dentes permanentes onde, após um período de 4 meses, foi necessária a realizaçäo de ulectomia para erupçäo total do dente 21